论文摘要：

According to the "less-is-more" hypothesis gene loss is an engine for evolutionary change. Loss-of-function (LoF) mutations resulting in the natural knockout of protein-coding genes not only provide information on gene function, but also play important roles in adaptation and phenotypic diversification. Although the "less-is-more" hypothesis was proposed two decades ago, it has not been explored on a large scale. In this study, we identified 60,819 LoF variants in 1,071 Arabidopsis thaliana genomes, and found that 34% of A. thaliana protein-coding genes annotated in the Col-0 genome do not have any LoF variants. We found that nucleotide diversity, transposable element density, and gene family size are strongly correlated with the presence of LoF variants. Intriguingly, 0.9% of LoF variants with minor allele frequency larger than 0.5% are associated with climate change. In addition, in the Yangtze River basin population, 1% of genes with LoF mutations were under positive selection, providing new insights into the contribution of LoF mutations to adaptation. In particular, our results demonstrated that LoF mutations shape diverse phenotypic traits. Overall, our results highlight the importance of the LoF variants for adaptation and phenotypic diversification.